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The lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris) is a species of shark from the family Carcharhinidae. The Lemon shark lives in the tropical and subtropical waters of the coastal areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Lemon sharks are named for the yellow-brown skin that helps them camouflage in the sandy, tropical waters they inhabit. They stay in moderately shallow water, normally going no deeper than 80 meters. They are often found in shallow waters near coasts and islands, by coral reefs, mangroves, bays, and sometimes even river mouths.
The lemon shark commonly attains a length of 2.4 to 3.1 m and a weight up to 90 kg by adulthood. They are slightly smaller in size than the whale shark, which is considered to be the biggest of the shark species.
Lemon sharks have a flattened head along with a short broad snout. They have two equal-sized dorsal fins and their yellow coloring serves as a camouflage when they are swimming on the seafloor filled with sand.
Like any other species of shark, have electroreceptors concentrated in their heads, called the ampullae of Lorenzini. These receptors detect electrical pulses emitted by potential prey and allow these nocturnal feeders to sense their prey in the dark. The skin of female lemon sharks is almost three times thicker than that of males.
The lemon shark is viviparous, meaning it gives birth to live young rather than eggs. Embryos develop inside the mother for up to 12 months until the female seeks shelter in a shallow nursery during spring or summer to give birth. A litter of lemon sharks may be as large as 17 pups. Pups remain in the nursery for several years, sheltered from larger predators, and feed on nutrients from nearby mangroves.
The mangrove areas that lemon sharks inhabit are often referred to as their nursery sites. Nursery grounds can be defined generally as habitats that enhance the growth and survival of juveniles. A nursery site is best defined as the most common area sharks are encountered, the location sharks tend to remain after birth or frequently return to, and the habitat used by shark groups repeatedly for several years. Lemon sharks display natal philopatry, whereby a mother will return to where she was born to have her own pups.
One theory is that lemon sharks select mangrove habitats due to the abundance of prey that resides there, while another theory posits that mangroves provide a safe haven from adult lemon sharks that occasionally feed on juvenile sharks and are unable to enter the shallow waters.
Lemon sharks reach sexual maturity at around 6 years of age and may live for up to 27 years. Female sharks deposit their pups in shallow, coastal waters, and they live in these reef and mangrove nurseries for up to four years. As adults, they move to deeper waters of up to about 90 meters deep.
When it comes to hunting, the Lemon shark is known to be very patient. They are able to use their yellow coloring to help them successfully hide in their natural habitat. They are often found swimming along the sand of the bottom of the water so they blend in easily. This makes it easy to hide from predators and also to be able to find prey.
The Lemon shark's diet consists mainly of bony fish and crustaceans. Catfish, mullet, jacks, croakers, porcupine fish, cowfish, guitarfish, stingrays, eagle rays, crabs, and crayfish make up most of the Lemon shark's diet. Also, this species will eat sea birds and smaller sharks. Lemon sharks will eat until full with the rate of digestion depending on the amount of food consumed at a single time. Intraspecific predation, or cannibalism, of juvenile lemon sharks by larger conspecifics, has also been documented.
They also tend to prefer prey when it is more abundant and available. Lemon sharks feed selectively on species that are slower and more easily captured by using a stalking technique.
Lemon sharks are known to be social creatures, who move in groups or loose aggregations. They form groups based on similar size or sex. Living in groups helps to enhance their communication further and intensifies courtship and predatory behavior.
Since Lemon sharks can blend into their surroundings so well. they are able to do fairly well in captivity. That is not usually the case with species of sharks.
Lemon sharks do not represent a large threat to humans. The International Shark Attack File lists 10 unprovoked lemon shark bites, none of which were fatal.
Lemon sharks are listed as a 'near threatened' species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The destruction of the mangrove, which is one of their primary habitats, and the practice of 'shark finning, a practice where their dorsal fins are used to make fin soup and eaten by several communities, have decreased their number form the world gradually. They have also been killed for their meat which is considered a delicacy in several communities and their skin which is used for leather by humans.
#Nature #Mangrove # #NurseryGrounds
Polymita is a genus of large, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Helminthoglyptidae. These snails are endemic to Cuba.
Polymita inhabits the subtropical hardwood forests growing on the coastal plains and mountains of the Eastern end of Cuba. The Polymita displays a marked preference for certain tree species. The preferred or host tree is; Hicaco (Chrysobalanus icaco). Other host trees are varieties of Poisonwood (Metopium toxifera, brownei ), Gumbo Limbo (Bursera simarouba), Hicaquillo (Coccoloba retusa), and other smooth-barked hardwoods.
The Polymita snails feed on the confervoid algae, fungi, sooty molds, and lichens which grow on subtropical hardwood trees and shrubs. Polymita does not eat the leaves or bark of the host tree. Feeding paths may be seen where the snail has scraped the algae and lichen growths with their radula. The quality of the habitat, that is, the amount of food and type of food, affects the shell growth of the Polymita. The Polymita is a welcome guest in the Coffee and Guava orchards of the Oriente province as they eat the sooty molds on the leaves and branches of the trees.
It’s no surprise that land snails like Polymita would be so successful on an island. With the ability to secrete a mucus seal around their shell openings, these invertebrates can go dormant for long periods without drying out. This makes them good travelers, hardy enough to survive a trip at sea on vegetation that comes loose from the mainland during a storm or flood.
The beauty of these striped snails is a many-splendored thing, and differences in color occur not just between species, but also within individuals of a single species. Some scientists suggest that the variations might confuse predators, preventing them from homing in on these snails as a predictable meal, but the question is far from settled.
Polymita is preyed upon by a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates; birds, rats, and the most destructive enemies of all; bulldozers and the ensuing destruction of habitat. Habitat destruction is by far the greatest threat to the Polymita.
If Cuba is the paradise for land-shells, Polymita must be Adam and Eve's Apple. It has such a beautiful species that it seduces the human mind. Both for good (well-illustrated and emblematic for the Cuban malacofauna) and for worse (because of its beauty its species are being over-collected and used as souvenirs). The threats by human activities have plagued these species and eventually may drive them into extinction.
#Wildlife #BeautifulSpecies #Cuba
The Etruscan shrew (Suncus etruscus) is also known as the Etruscan pygmy shrew and the white-toothed pygmy shrew. Etruscan shrew belongs to the class of Mammalia, similar to animals like dolphins and humans. The Etruscan shrew is the smallest living mammal. These species are often found in Europe and North Africa up to Malaysia. They are also found in the Maltese islands, situated in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea. Although widespread and not threatened overall, they are generally uncommon and are endangered in some countries.
The Etruscan shrew usually inhabits open terrains where grasslands and scrub meet deciduous forests. Etruscan shrews aren’t very good at digging, so they like making their nests in various natural shelters, crevices, and others' uninhabited burrows. If another animal has vacated their burrow, an Etruscan shrew will take advantage of the situation and move in. They frequent rocks, boulders, stone walls, and ruins, darting quickly in and out between them. The Etruscan shrew prefers warm and damp habitats covered with shrubs which is helpful for the shrew to hide from predators.
A unique aspect of Etruscan shrews is their skull size that's the smallest among mammals. The Etruscan shrew has a body length of about 4 centimeters. The body mass of individuals ranges from 1.6 to 2.4 g. They have poor eyesight but they have acute hearing, highly sensitive whiskers, and an amazing sense of smell, indeed, their long tin noses are mobile and can move about quite sinuously.
Being a small animal, it has slender body features with a relatively large head and hind limbs. Their ears are protuberant and large. Their fur color is pale brown on the back and light gray on the stomach. These shrews also have a fast heart beating rate along with a relatively large heart muscle mass.
This species has the highest mass-specific metabolic rate of all mammals. It must eat up to twice its own body weight every day to keep its small body warm. It feeds on various small vertebrates and invertebrates, mostly insects, and can hunt individuals of the same size as itself. It finds its food by smell and touch. It kills its prey with its poisonous bite and eats it immediately, but takes small insects back to its nest. The shrews are more active during the night
The Etruscan shrew is not only the smallest mammal but also one of the fastest and most tactile hunters.
They only eat live food which they catch and they catch between 20 and 30 prey animals a day. This becomes more impressive when one considers that they eat insects (which have wings and are sometimes bigger than the shrew) as well as spiders and myriapods which are armed with terrible stings and venoms. The shrew dines also on amphibians, baby rodents, worms, and larvae.
While The Etruscan shrew may turn out to be fatal for an insect's or animal's body. The shrew venom is not dangerous to humans. However, The Etruscan shrew shrew bites may result in swelling, pain, and body temperature.
They also eat plants like shrubs in damp areas. These small animals are constantly searching to find food throughout their lives to meet their high energy consumption demands.
They protect their territories by making chirping noises and signs of aggressiveness.
The Etruscan shrew has various ways to communicate; when they defend their territories, the shrew makes chirping noises and becomes aggressive towards intruders. When the Etruscan shrew is in torpor, and if suddenly awakened, it starts with its harsh shrieking sounds. in fact, the Etruscan shrew makes such noise only when it's unable to flee those areas.
Etruscan shrews are solitary animals who like living alone. Their mating system is the only way the shrews get to meet each other.
Etruscan shrews mate primarily from March to October, though they can be pregnant at any time of the year. Pairs usually form in the spring and may tolerate each other and their young for some time at the nest. The gestation period is 27–28 days, and they have 2–6 cubs per litter. Cubs are born naked and blind, weighing only 0.2 g. After their eyes open at 14 to 16 days old, they mature quickly. The mother usually moves the young when they are 9 to 10 days old, and if disturbed, she relocates them by leading them with her tail in a train-like formation, with each cub biting the tail of the one in front. The young Etruscan shrews are weaned at 20 days old. By three to four weeks of age, the young are independent and are soon sexually mature.
The largest threat to Etruscan shrews originates from human activities, particularly the destruction of their nesting grounds and habitats as a result of farming. Etruscan shrews are also sensitive to weather changes, such as cold winters and dry periods. Major predators are birds of prey.
#Wildlife #TactileHunters #Grassland
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A fox discovered air conditioning. And gets instantly hooked.
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