The green humphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) is the largest species of parrotfish, growing to lengths of 1.5 m and weighing up to 75 kg.
It is found on reefs in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Red Sea in the west to Samoa in the east, and from the Yaeyama Islands in the north to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, in the south.
Other common names include bumphead parrotfish, humphead parrotfish, double-headed parrotfish, buffalo parrotfish, and giant parrotfish.
Larger juvenile green humphead parrotfish are found in lagoons, often in seagrass beds, and the adults are found in clear outer lagoons and seaward reefs up to a depth of 30 m. They feed on benthic algae and live corals.
Adult green humphead parrotfish may ram its head against corals to facilitate feeding. Each adult fish ingests over five tons of structural reef carbonates per year, contributing significantly to the bioerosion of reefs. The fish sleeps among corals, in caves and shipwrecks at night, usually in large groups.
The giant humphead parrotfish is an amazing fish that can live to be 40 years old, growing up to four feet long and 100 pounds. They use their large head bumps to literally bump heads during competitive displays, when large numbers of fish aggregate to spawn on a lunar cycle. The bumphead parrotfish excretes white sand, which it may produce at the rate of several hundred pounds a year.

#CalmingMusic #Fish #CoralReef

Clownfish or anemonefish are fishes from the subfamily Amphiprioninae in the family Pomacentridae. In the wild, they all form symbiotic mutualisms with sea anemones.
Depending on species, anemonefish are overall yellow, orange, or reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. The largest can reach a length of 17 cm, while the smallest barely achieve 7–8 cm.

Anemonefish and sea anemones have a symbiotic, mutualistic relationship, each providing many benefits to the other. The individual species are generally highly host-specific, and especially the genera Heteractis and Stichodactyla, and the species Entacmaea quadricolor are frequent anemonefish partners.

The sea anemone protects the anemonefish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles and functions as a safe nest site. In return, the anemonefish defends the anemone from its predators and parasites. The anemone also picks up nutrients from the anemonefish's excrement. The nitrogen excreted from anemonefish increases the number of algae incorporated into the tissue of their hosts, which aids the anemone in tissue growth and regeneration.

Anemonefish lay eggs on any flat surface close to their host anemones. In the wild, anemonefish spawn around the time of the full moon. Depending on the species, they can lay hundreds or thousands of eggs. The male parent guards the eggs until they hatch about 6–10 days later.

#Wildlife #CoralReef #Underwater

The pygmy marmoset (Genus Cebuella) is one of the world's smallest primates, being the smallest true monkey, with a head-body length ranging from 117 to 152 mm and a tail of 172 to 229 mm. It has many adaptations for arboreal living including the ability to rotate its head 180 degrees and sharp claw-like nails used to cling to branches and trees. Its dental morphology is adapted to feeding on gum, with specialized incisors that are used to gouge trees and stimulate sap flow. Its cecum is larger than usual to allow for the greater period of time gum takes to break down in the stomach. The pygmy marmoset walks on all four limbs and can leap up to 5 m between branches.

Pygmy marmosets live in the Amazon region of Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, and northern Bolivia. They make their home and living in forest trees or bamboo thickets near or alongside rivers and floodplains. Pygmy marmosets prefer living in dense rainforests where there are lots of hiding places among the plants.

Marmosets tend to stay in the treetops and behave a lot like squirrels. They have long tails, but unlike other New World monkeys (capuchins and squirrel monkeys, for example), their tails are not prehensile, that is, marmosets can't use their tails to grasp things. However, their tails do help them keep their balance as they scamper among the branches.

Because they are so small, pygmy marmosets can become prey for cats, harpy eagles, hawks, and snakes. That is why they dash from one safe spot to the next. Their neck is flexible, and they can turn their head backward to spot predators. They are deliberate about their movements to avoid drawing the attention of predators. But when they need to move, pygmy marmosets are fast, leaping several feet to avoid the predators that would like to make a meal out of them.

The ability to climb is important for pygmy marmosets, as tree sap is their favorite food. They scamper up and down trees and thick vines headfirst and gouge a hole in the bark or vine with their sharp lower teeth, using an up-and-down sawing motion. When the sap puddles up in the hole, they lap it up with their tongue. Pygmy marmosets have certain trees they like within their territory; they can make up to 1,300 holes in each tree. Marmosets are omnivores, which means they eat a variety of foods. Their diet includes insects, fruit, tree sap, and other small animals.

Marmosets are active during the day and spend their time foraging. They are social animals that live in groups of two to nine individuals. Siblings also participate in infant care. Infant marmosets require the most attention, so having more family members participating in the care decreases the cost for any individual and also teaches parenting skills to the juvenile marmosets. Members of the group, usually female, may even put off their own reproduction through a temporary cessation of ovulation in order to care for the offspring of others in the group. Caregivers are responsible for finding food for the infants as well as helping the father watch for predators.

The pygmy marmoset is a non-seasonal breeder and usually gives birth to twins once or twice a year. However, single births occur 16% of the time, and triplet births 8% of the time. The pygmy marmoset is usually monogamous though there is some variation within the species in terms of breeding systems.

Pygmy marmosets communicate with each other by chattering and trilling in high-pitched voices. They can make sounds so high in pitch that humans can’t hear them. Certain squeaks and calls express danger or other urgent monkey messages. They also make faces to express emotions like contentment, surprise, or fear by moving their lips, eyelids, ears, and the hair around their face like humans. These mini monkeys groom one another, and that helps establish social bonds. They are fussy about keeping their fur in good shape.

Particularly in areas of heavy tourism, pygmy marmosets have a tendency to be less noisy, less aggressive, and less playful with other individuals. If the current rate of habitat destruction can be slowed, these tiny monkeys will have a big chance at long-term survival in their forest home. Their largest threat is the pet trade, due to their tiny size, cuddly appearance, and appealing face. Marmosets are sometimes kept as pets, but they are very difficult to care for. Many people do not agree that pygmy marmosets should be pets. The argument is usually that they have a longer life span when they are in good care from a human. However, the UK RSPCA says they should "not be considered as pets in the accepted sense of the word. They are wild undomesticated animals that cannot be house-trained or fully tamed". The United States has banned the import of primates, and most South American countries don't allow primate exports anymore.

#Wildlife #Rainforest #SmallestMonkey

Tarsiers are haplorrhine primates of the family Tarsiidae, which is itself the lone extant family within the infraorder Tarsiiformes. Although the group was once more widespread, all of its species living today are found in the islands of Southeast Asia, specifically the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei.
Tarsiers are small animals with enormous eyes; each eyeball is approximately 16 millimetres in diameter and is as large as, or in some cases larger than, its entire brain. Tarsiers have soft, velvety fur, which is generally buff, beige, or ochre in color.
Tarsiers are the only extant entirely carnivorous primates: they are primarily insectivorous, and catch insects by jumping at them. Their favorite prey are arthropods like beetles, spiders, cockroaches, grasshoppers, and walking sticks.
Tarsiers tend to be extremely shy animals and are sensitive to bright lights, loud noises, and physical contact. They have been reported to behave suicidally when stressed or kept in captivity.
Due to their small size, tarsiers are prey to snakes, owls, lizards, and cats. When a predator is present the tarsiers surround the threat vocalizing and attacking it.

#CalmingMusic #SmallAnimal #Primates

The European Bee-eaters (Merops apiaster) also known as Eurasian or Golden Bee-eaters are among the most colorful of all the bee-eater birds with abundant populations in arid (dry) and semi-arid areas of southern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. Bee-eaters were mentioned throughout history in myth and legend.

European bee-eaters display little sexual dimorphism, so it can be difficult to tell males and females apart. Females are slightly more greenish rather than yellow on their upperparts. The European Bee-eaters measure 25 - 29 cm in length (including the two elongated central tail feathers) and have a wingspan of 36 - 40 cm. Their average weight is 55 g.

European Bee-eaters are commonly found near freshwater systems and inhabit forests, savannas, shrublands, grasslands, and farmlands. Their nesting situation is quite peculiar: they dig burrows into the flat or sloping sandy ground, mainly in earthen cliffs. The birds remove between 7 and 12 kg of earth from the burrow, and the process can last between 10 and 20 days. The burrow is about 70-150 cm long, with an oval section of 7 x 9 cm.

These birds play an important role as ecosystem engineers, especially in arid regions. During their nest-burrowing activities, they can remove up to twelve kilograms of soil. This bioturbation has a major effect on the ecosystem as it alters the environment for other species. Nutrients from the removed soil are made available for other organisms. Abandoned burrows are often used by other species for nesting, roosting, and shelter.

European bee-eaters are prone to parasites due to nesting in burrows. Because of this, they need to preen, bathe, and clean themselves often. They also take dust-baths.

European bee-eaters breed in Southern Europe and parts of Asia. As the breeding season ends around the latter half of July, they begin their migration south, trading the harsh Northern hemisphere winters for the warm, pleasant summers of Southern Africa. As the weather starts cooling in the Southern hemisphere around April, they make their way back to Europe before the next breeding season. Some resident groups avoid migration entirely as they have established small breeding populations in South Africa.

Like all birds, European bee-eaters perceive their environment through visual, auditory, tactile, and chemical stimuli.

As is suggested by its name, the European Bee-eater predominantly eats flying insects - particularly bees (honey bees and bumblebees), wasps and hornets, but also dragonflies and other larger insects. They feed on about 250 bees a day. They typically feed in open or at least semi-open countries.

European bee-eaters are migratory, diurnal birds that spend most of their time foraging for food. They swoop in from an elevated perch and catch their prey in flight. They then fly back to the perch where they repeatedly thrash the insect against a branch or rub it against a twig until the sting is removed. They are also able to regurgitate indigestible parts as pellets.

Their long, curved beaks are sharp and perfect for keeping prey in a tight grip. They have sharp claws for perching on trees and on vertical surfaces where they excavate their burrows.

They have excellent eyesight, which is necessary for precision when catching insects. They are also agile birds, able to move swiftly when hunting. Their wide, somewhat pointy wings and aerodynamic build make them perfectly suited for long-distance flight.

European bee-eaters are monogamous birds. Pairs remain together throughout their lifespan. They can live up to six years. The beginning of the breeding season is marked by elaborate courtship rituals with an array of aerial and vocal displays, and even some dance-like movements while on a perch.

Through the medley of color and song, the male also comes bearing gifts of food which he feeds to the female. The female lays up to ten eggs which are incubated by both birds. And after a twenty-day incubation period, the altricial chicks hatch naked and blind. Luckily the mother bird has plenty of help, as her mate and even other members of the colony often pitch in with feeding and care.

European bee-eaters' nests may be raided by rats and snakes, and the adults are hunted by birds of prey.

Bee-eaters get a lot of bad press in the bee-keeping world. This results in large numbers of Bee-eaters being illegally killed by hive owners. In reality, a beehive could also benefit from a Bee-eater, as it feeds on hornets and wasps as well, which predate on bees.

European Bee-eater is locally widespread in most parts of the range. However, this species is threatened by hunting as a pest or for consumption, by the use of pesticides involving heavy declines in insects populations, also by canalization of rivers with loss of sandy banks nesting sites, and human developments and disturbances. But this species is considered as Least Concern at this moment.

#Nature #Grassland #Bumblebee

The magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens) is a seabird of the frigatebird family (Fregatidae). The magnificent frigatebird is known by several names including the pirate bird, condor of the oceans, and 'Man-o'-War' bird. With a length of 89–114 cm and a wingspan of 2.17–2.44 m, it is the largest species of frigatebird. Magnificent frigatebirds are found nesting in the Galapagos and the coast of Ecuador down to Mexico and in the Caribbean and Florida. It has occurred as a vagrant as far from its normal range as the Isle of Man, Denmark, Spain, England, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen Islands, and British Columbia.

Frigatebirds are the only seabirds in which the male and female look strikingly different. Females may not have the males' bright red pouch, but they are bigger than males.

The magnificent frigatebird is silent in flight but makes various rattling sounds at its nest. It spends days and nights on the wing, with an average ground speed of 10 km/h, covering up to 223 km before landing. They alternately climb in thermals, to altitudes occasionally as high as 2,500 m, and descend to near the sea surface. This bird makes a shallow platform nest on top of both trees and bushes on islands and cays with mangroves. This nest is constructed out of branches and twigs. The magnificent frigatebird lays a clutch of one clear white egg. After the egg hatches, the male parent will abandon it, with the female staying to provision for the young for almost a year.

Even though magnificent frigatebirds are seabirds, their feathers aren’t waterproof. Because of this, they can’t land on the ocean. If they did, the water would make them very heavy and they wouldn’t be able to take off, which means that they would eventually drown. Their legs and feet are very small, so they can’t paddle well with them, they rarely even walk.

This species feeds mainly on fish, squid, jellyfish, and crustaceans. Individual bird diets vary depending on food availability and preferred hunting techniques.

The Magnificent Frigatebird feeds on fish taken in flight from the ocean's surface (often flying fish). Magnificent frigatebirds practice kleptoparasitism, pecking at other seabirds to force them to disgorge their meals. After forcing the other seabird to regurgitate its meal, the magnificent frigatebird will dive and catch the prey before it hits the surface of the water. Magnificent frigatebirds have a long, thin, hooked beak that is specially designed to help them catch and steal slippery fish. Learning how to chase other birds and steal meals takes practice. Juvenile Frigatebirds practice stealing “food” from one another by playing games with sticks. Young frigatebirds hold sticks in their mouths and chase each other. When one of them drops the stick, the other dives below to retrieve it.

Magnificent Frigatebirds can fly without landing for several days and nights in a row without resting, a trait that earned them the nickname “the condor of the oceans”. Spanish sailors called them “pirate birds” or “Man-o-Wars.” This was because of their habit of stealing food from other birds.

The Magnificent Frigatebird has no known predators. The exception to the rule may be that mammals may sometimes steal their eggs from nests on land. But since Frigatebirds are such careful parents, this does not happen often. The parents monitor their nests around the clock.

The conservation status shows that the species is not under immediate threat, however, some populations globally are being put under pressure due to habitat loss and tourist encroachment on their breeding grounds. Their feeding habits also make them reliant on oceanic predators which bring their food up to the surface. Species such as dolphins and tuna are being put under threat which in turn is a threat to the frigatebirds. They could also be affected by marine plastic pollution.

The magnificent frigatebird is labeled as least concern by the IUCN Red List and as such there are no specific plans in place in Galapagos to protect this species particularly. However, they are protected by the Galapagos National Park.

#Nature #RedbilledTropicbird #Kleptoparasitism

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