White-throated capuchins also known as Colombian white-throated capuchins, white-faced capuchins, and white-headed capuchins, are New World monkeys native to the rainforests of western Colombia, western Ecuador, and Panama. Capuchins, considered among the most intelligent of the New World monkeys.

They are highly social and live in groups of 15 individuals on average with one adult male leading the troop. The group spends most of their time traveling and foraging; they will try to eat almost anything once and learn through trial and error.

White-throated capuchins live in mature (primary) and secondary forests that include evergreen, deciduous, mangrove, and montane. The monkeys inhabit home ranges between 79 and 213 acres. They forage between 0.62 and 1.86 miles a day, averaging 1.2 miles. Swamp forests may be important refuges for primates where are threatened with habitat loss. Mangrove and peat swam p forests, impenetrable, wet habitats, inaccessible and uninhabitable for humans. But these species occupy mangroves following their geographic distributions on terra firme forests. The presence of successful groups in the mangrove (resident groups) is possibly associated with historical changes in the terra firme forests and not with human factors such as habitat loss and illegal hunting.

White-throated capuchins are among the most intelligent of New World monkeys. In addition to their ability to fashion tools for foraging, they have been known to use sticks as weapons against snakes. Additionally, white-throated capuchins appear to have an innate understanding of herbal medicine. Wild white-throated capuchins will rub parts of certain plants into their hair. Scientific conjecture is that this self-care is a deliberate action to ward off ticks and other parasites.

White-throated capuchins eat mostly fruits and insects. Favorite fruits include figs and mangos. They prefer fruits that are ripe and test for ripeness by smelling, tasting, and poking each piece of fruit. But they eat only the pulp and juice and spit out the seeds and fibers. Insect prey includes beetle larvae, butterfly and moth caterpillars, ants, wasps, and ant and wasp larvae. However, white-throated capuchins also feast on larger prey, including birds, frogs, lizards, and squirrels. Bird eggs, crabs, clam, and mollusks are snack items.

They are a diurnal species; all that foraging is conducted during the daylight hours. At night, they sleep.

#Nature #Mangrove #IntelligentMonkey

The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), also called the cotton-headed tamarin, is native to a very small region of northwestern Colombia. Its limited distribution stretches from the Atrato River to the Magdalena River. These uniquely colored, clever primates are found in both humid and dry tropical forests. They are arboreal, those animals that spend most of their life on trees

Roughly the size of a squirrel, Male and female cotton-top tamarins weigh less than a pound (404-417 g). They are 23.2 cm tall with a 26.7 cm long tail. Cotton-top tamarins are strikingly colored and appropriately named, with a soft plume of white hair that encircles their small grey and silver faces in a bright halo. Their legs, belly, and chest are also white, and their backs and tail are a beautiful blend of brown and black. Most of their body is covered in long fur, with the exception of the very fine, short grey hair that covers their face and ears. They have claw-like nails, which help them leap, climb, and cling to trees.

Due to the small size of their digestive tract, cotton-top tamarins must only consume the highest quality food to stay healthy. Insects and fruits make up the bulk of their diets. Unlike marmosets, who have a long set of lower incisors to chew holes in tree trunks and eat the gum inside, tamarins lack the adaptations to pierce the bark. Therefore, they must rely on other animals or natural processes to open up holes in trees so they can reach the gum.

​Cotton-top tamarins have been observed consuming reptiles and amphibians. They can be seen stealthily hunting for insects by scurrying across, up, and down tree trunks, leaping across the canopy and exploring potential hiding spots for their prey. Like many other primates, cotton-top tamarins choose their feeding site based on the amount of food it provides, and usually forage in the middle layer of the canopy.

Cotton-top tamarins also play an important role in spreading seeds in tropical ecosystems. These tamarins commonly eat seeds that are fairly large, bigger even than those consumed by their more sizable fellow primates such as chimpanzees and baboons. Those seeds are eventually digested into feces that has proven an excellent fertilizer with a high success rate for germination.

Like their golden lion relatives, cotton-top tamarins form social family groups that include breeding parents, their adult offspring, and even unrelated adults who have migrated to the group. Since tamarin young are commonly born as twins and tend to be disproportionately heavy—they weigh in at about 15 to 20 percent of their mother’s body weight—these adult group members quite literally help tamarin parents shoulder the load. Cotton-top tamarins spend a lot of time grooming each other, leaving their coats clean and soft.

Since nursing and caring for their young requires so much energy, cotton-top tamarins typically give birth during the early half of the rainy season when the fruit is most abundant. Only the dominant female in each group gives birth to young. Though cotton-top tamarins reach sexual maturity between 15 and 18 months of age, researchers have observed that mother tamarins suppress the fertility of their daughters and other adult females in the group. When the mother dies or leaves the group, the oldest and highest-ranking daughter becomes fertile and takes over the dominant role.

Due to their small size, and the fact that they are active during the day, cotton-top tamarins are prey for many different predators. Their predators can include snakes, cats, and a variety of birds of prey. Tamarins try to avoid predators by staying in thick vegetation in the lower layers of the forest, and by working as a group to look out for danger and alerting each other by using alarm calls.

Cotton-top tamarins are critically endangered. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, 20,000 to 30,000 cotton-top tamarins were exported to the United States for biomedical research, specifically as subjects of studies related to colon cancer. Although it is now illegal to import cotton-top tamarins into the U.S., they are still being used for medical research and captive tamarins outnumber those in the wild.

Today, deforestation and human activity pose the most significant threats to the survival of cotton-top tamarins. Colombia is losing its tropical rainforest at a dramatic rate to development and agriculture—in fact, the South American country has recorded the fourth-highest loss of rainforest in the world.

#Wildlife #Rainforest #Arboreal

Aye-ayes can be found only on the island of Madagascar. These rare animals may not look like primates at first glance, but they are related to chimpanzees, apes, and humans. The aye-aye is the largest nocturnal lemur, best known for its distinct appearance and unusual diet. This strange lemur is a Frankenstein's monster of evolution. Ears like a bat, teeth like a rat and a witch's finger 🤣.

Aye-ayes are dark brown or black and are distinguished by a bushy tail that is larger than their body. They also feature big eyes, slender fingers, and large, sensitive ears. Aye-ayes have pointed claws on all their fingers and toes except for their opposable big toes, which enable them to dangle from branches

The aye-aye is about 40 cm long, excluding the bushy 55- to 60-cm tail. Covered with long, coarse, dark brown or black fur, it has a short face, large eyes, and ever-growing incisors like those of rodents.

The aye-aye lives primarily on the east coast of Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rainforest or deciduous forest, but many live in cultivated areas due to deforestation. Rainforest aye-ayes, the most common, dwell in canopy areas and are usually sighted above 70 meters altitude. They sleep during the day in nests built from interwoven twigs and dead leaves up in the canopy among the vines and branches.

The aye-aye is a nocturnal and arboreal animal meaning that it spends most of its life high in the trees. Although they are known to come down to the ground on occasion, aye-ayes sleep, eat, travel, and mate in the trees and are most commonly found close to the canopy where there is plenty of cover from the dense foliage. During the day, aye-ayes sleep in spherical nests in the forks of tree branches that are constructed out of leaves, branches, and vines before emerging after dark to begin their hunt for food.

The aye-aye is an omnivore and commonly eats seeds, fruits, nectar, and fungi, but also insect larvae and honey. Aye-ayes tap on the trunks and branches of trees at a rate of up to eight times per second and listen to the echo produced to find hollow chambers. Once a chamber is found, they chew a hole into the wood and get grubs out of that hole with their highly adapted narrow and bony middle fingers. It's also useful for scooping the flesh out of coconuts and other fruits that supplement the animal's insect diet.

The aye-aye begins foraging between 30 minutes before and three hours after sunset. Up to 80% of the night is spent foraging in the canopy, separated by occasional rest periods. It climbs trees by making successive vertical leaps, much like a squirrel. Horizontal movement is more difficult, but the aye-aye rarely descends to jump to another tree, and can often travel up to 4 km a night.

Aye-aye is solitary animals that mark their large home range with scent. The smaller territories of females often overlap those of at least a couple of males. Male aye-ayes tend to share their territories with other males and are even known to share the same nests (although not at the same time), and can seemingly tolerate each other until they hear the call of a female that is looking for a mate.

Though foraging is usually solitary, they occasionally forage in groups. Individual movements within the group are coordinated using both vocalizations and scent signals.

Aye-ayes are commonly thought to be bad omens by some of the Malagasy people, the forests of Madagascar are being destroyed, and the farmers will kill aye-ayes to protect their crops and for poaching. However, there is no direct evidence to suggest aye-ayes pose any legitimate threat to crops and therefore are killed based on superstition. The aye-aye is often viewed as a harbinger of evil and killed on sight. Others believe, if one points its narrowest finger at someone, they are marked for death. Some say that the appearance of an aye-aye in a village predicts the death of a villager, and the only way to prevent this is to kill it. The Sakalava people go so far as to claim aye-ayes sneak into houses through the thatched roofs and murder the sleeping occupants by using their middle fingers to puncture their victims' aorta. This has led to the death of so many aye-ayes. Such hunting, coupled with habitat destruction, have put aye-aye's population at risk. Today they are protected by law. Some researchers believe aye-aye comes from the phrase “I don’t know” in Malagasy, which may be because locals were afraid to speak the name.

The aye-aye is the only extant member of the genus Daubentonia and the family Daubentoniidae. It is currently classified as Endangered by the IUCN; and a second species, Daubentonia robusta (The giant aye-aye), appears to have become extinct at some point within the last 1000 years. Successful breeding colonies have been established on a few small islands near Madagascar, and some aye-ayes are kept in captivity in a few zoos outside the country.

#Wildlife #Rainforest #Madagascar

Abundant worldwide, most fungi are inconspicuous because of the small size of their structures, and their cryptic lifestyles in soil or on dead matter. Fungi include symbionts of plants, animals, or other fungi and also parasites. They may become noticeable when fruiting, either as mushrooms or as molds.
Fungi perform an essential role in the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. They have long been used as a direct source of human food, in the form of mushrooms and truffles; as a leavening agent for bread; and in the fermentation of various food products, such as wine, beer, and soy sauce.
Since the 1940s, fungi have been used for the production of antibiotics, and, more recently, various enzymes produced by fungi are used industrially and in detergents.
Fungi are also used as biological pesticides to control weeds, plant diseases and insect pests. Many species produce bioactive compounds called mycotoxins, such as alkaloids and polyketides, that are toxic to animals including humans. The fruiting structures of a few species contain psychotropic compounds and are consumed recreationally or in traditional spiritual ceremonies.
Fungi can break down manufactured materials and buildings, and become significant pathogens of humans and other animals. Losses of crops due to fungal diseases (e.g., rice blast disease) or food spoilage can have a large impact on human food supplies and local economies.
Although often inconspicuous, fungi occur in every environment on Earth and play very important roles in most ecosystems. Along with bacteria, fungi are the major decomposers in most terrestrial (and some aquatic) ecosystems, and therefore play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles and in many food webs. As decomposers, they play an essential role in nutrient cycling, especially as saprotrophs and symbionts, degrading organic matter to inorganic molecules, which can then re-enter anabolic metabolic pathways in plants or other organisms.

#CalmingMusic #Fungus #Mushroom

The Luangwa Valley, an extension of the Great East African Rift Valley, is the honey-pot of Zambia. Here dramatic seasonal variations, a dynamic river system, fertile soils and lush vegetation ensure a prolific supply of wildlife. Home to the majority of big game – including lion, leopard, elephant and buffalo – the Luangwa Valley also boasts two endemic sub-species: Thornicroft’s Giraffe and Cookson’s Wildebeest. An impressive concentration of both hippos and crocodiles makes the Luangwa River one of the most wildlife-dense in Africa.

In addition to being a source of water, the oxbow lakes and pools increase the biodiversity of the valley in other ways. The hippopotami which live in them feed on land vegetation at night. Their dung feeds some fish and fertilises the pools, increasing fish life which in turn feed crocodiles and birds.

In the dry season, the grazing land animals and their predators congregate near the river and pools, and are easily seen. In the rainy season they graze further afield and are more easily hidden in the growth of new vegetation.

Smaller mammals and over 450 recorded species of birds add to the game viewing experiences, reinforcing the Luangwa Valley’s impressive reputation as the home of Zambia’s wildlife. The Luangwa Valley is home to four National parks: South Luangwa, North Luangwa, Luambe and Lukusuzi.

#Wildlife #LuangwaRiver #Africa

The roadrunners (genus Geococcyx), also known as chaparral birds or chaparral cocks, are two species of fast-running ground cuckoos with long tails and crests. The roadrunner generally ranges in size from 56 to 61 cm from tail to beak. The average weight is about 230–430 g. They are found in the southwestern and south-central United States and Mexico, usually in the desert. Some have been clocked at 32 km/h while a few have also been clocked up to 43 km/h.

The roadrunner usually lives alone or in pairs. Breeding pairs are monogamous and mate for life, and pairs may hold a territory all year. The roadrunner's nest is often composed of sticks, and may sometimes contain leaves, feathers, snakeskins, or dung. It is commonly placed 1 to 3 meters above ground level in a low tree, bush, or cactus. Roadrunner eggs are generally white. The greater roadrunner generally lays 2–6 eggs per clutch, but the lesser roadrunner's clutches are typically smaller.

The roadrunner is an opportunistic omnivore. Its diet normally consists of insects (such as grasshoppers, crickets, caterpillars, and beetles), small reptiles (such as lizards and snakes, including rattlesnakes), rodents and other small mammals, spiders (including tarantulas), scorpions, centipedes, snails, small birds (and nestlings), eggs, and fruits and seeds like those from prickly pear cactuses and sumacs. The lesser roadrunner eats mainly insects. The roadrunner forages on the ground and, when hunting, usually runs after prey from undercover. It may leap to catch insects, and commonly batters certain prey against the ground. Because of its quickness, the roadrunner is one of the few animals that preys upon rattlesnakes, it is also the only real predator of tarantula hawk wasps.

Known to most of the world simply as a cartoon character, roadrunners are a remarkable desert specialist. They can spend an entire lifetime without drinking, obtaining all their water from their food, and can hunt and breed year-round in temperatures reaching 50°C.


#Wildlife #SonoraDesert #RattleSnake

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